Many Wikipedians have seen the effects that paid advocates can have on an article. These paid editors tend to make obviously biased edits, be very persistent, and are easily identifiable. But some of them are much more sophisticated. This investigation focuses on one firm that, except for two seemingly minor editing mistakes, would likely not have been identified. The firm had twelve sock puppets, which are now blocked, and worked for a charity now involved in an ethics investigation of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. The paid editing firm has also worked on articles about Russian and Ukrainian oligarchs, and subcontracted social media work from Bell Pottinger during that firm’s disastrous PR campaign in South Africa.

Percepto, formerly known as Veribo, is an Israeli firm that advertises its online reputation management (ORM) services and its "Wikipedia consulting". Its ORM clients have included binary options companies.

Until earlier this year, it published a page on its website "Wikipedia - The rules of the game" about how difficult Wikipedia’s rules make life for paid editors. They end the page "Wikipedia editing is a beautiful challenge. […] To consult on any and all Wikipedia-related queries for you or your clients, leave us your contact info and we will get back to you promptly." But let’s be clear: Percepto doesn’t follow Wikipedia’s rules—for example, none of Percepto's paid editors blocked for editing ever declared their employer or clients.

Their website promises "strict confidentiality" for their clients and also states, "Effective online reputation management is not confined by geographic borders or conceptual barriers. In fact, the ability to overcome these traditional boundaries is essential. We know how to bend the lines without breaking them and where to shine the spotlight in order to promote your agenda effectively."

Wikipedia editors believed to be employed by the firm have been indefinitely blocked for editing articles on the WE charity which is currently under investigation for a scandal involving Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Editors blocked in the same sockpuppet investigation edited articles on Russian and Ukrainian businessmen Viktor Vekselberg, Boris Lozhkin, and Gennady Gazin. The Signpost reminds our readers that no purely on-Wiki investigation can completely prove the real world identity of the accounts under investigation. For instance, an editor may try to impersonate another individual or company in order to embarrass them, known as a "Joe job". The evidence in this case seems particularly strong, however, and is based not just on the thorough sockpuppet investigation and a long discussion at the Conflict of interest noticeboard, but also on a pair of remarkable editing mistakes, by two accounts associated with Percepto. In this edit to the article on the Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center, the now-blocked sock puppet Isaack.build inserted an apparent link to a Dropbox file

File:///C:/Users/b oph/Dropbox (Veribo)/Delivery/Active Clients restored/Ruslan Baisarov/Wikipedia/8918 Baisarov Akhmetov Humanitarian Ophir 100.docx#%20ftnref1

This file path or link looks like a Dropbox file for the company Veribo, possibly related to a customer named Ruslan Baisarov about the Wikipedia article on the Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center.

Not to be outdone, the now-blocked sockpuppet MarthaLetter made this edit to the article on ME to WE inserting a link to a possible Dropbox file:

File:///C:/Users/User/Dropbox (Veribo)/Delivery/Active Clients restored/We/Wikipedia/May 2019 project/ME to WE wiki page - phase 3.docx#%20ftn5

This file path or link looks like a Dropbox file for the company Veribo, possibly related to a customer named WE about the Wikipedia article on the for-profit firm ME to WE.

While we cannot be 100% certain the blocked accounts were employed by Percepto, we can report on why the accounts were suspected as sockpuppets, and examine their edits.

WE was founded in 1995 as "Free The Children" by the then-12-year-old Craig Kielburger and his older brother Marc as an organization opposed to child labor, especially in the global south. Over the years it expanded from Canada to the UK and US, expanded its mission to include education and economic opportunity for young people, and shortened its name to WE. It also founded a for-profit arm ME to WE. Wikipedia articles or draft articles were written about it including biographies of the co-founders and the CEO of ME to WE. Other articles include ME to WE, WE Day, and recently WE Charity scandal.

The ongoing scandal involving the WE charity and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau first made the news in early July when it was revealed that Trudeau family members, including his mother Margaret Trudeau, had taken almost C$300,000 (about US$228,000 at exchange rates this week) in speaking fees from WE over about four years. The prime minister had earlier participated in the decision to award a government contract to WE where C$900 million would then be given to youth "volunteers" who had been affected economically by the COVID-19 pandemic. WE’s management fees would have been C$43.5 million.

Finance Minister Bill Morneau, who also had a conflict of interest in the matter, later resigned. Justin Trudeau apologized for not recusing himself from the contract decision. He then temporarily suspended Parliament, which had the effect of suspending two parliamentary investigations into the matter, until Parliament reopened this week. In the meantime, WE announced that it would close its Canadian operations over the next year.

Because of the block of the Percepto editors, their editing ended three months before the scandal broke. Their general editing strategy appears to be quite sophisticated and aimed at long-term influence over article content rather than short-term results. They tended to edit fairly conservatively, with major changes spread out over time, sometimes involving multiple user accounts. Many of the edits could be viewed as "housekeeping" style edits - correcting grammar, adding references, categories, or minor facts, or removing redundant material. They did try to add new articles about WE and its executives, such as this unsuccessful draft and this successful article. Some edits might be considered promotional, but not garishly so. A list of Marc Kielburger’s awards, for example, was added, a few of which might have been properly included if they’d been added by an unbiased editor. The Signpost’s investigation found few or no obvious removals of negative content, though the number of very long edits and a few borderline removals of material make this impossible to rule out. These editors did clearly leave out one type of content - our investigation could not find any additions of content that reflected poorly on WE or related persons.

These editors followed a rather sophisticated and time-consuming approach to apparently create a backstory for each editor or hide their identities. They made many edits unrelated to WE but related to Toronto that would normally suggest that they were Torontonians. But surprisingly, many of the blocked sock puppets edited according to a normal 8am-5pm Sunday-Thursday Israeli work week.

Percepto, then named Veribo, worked as a subcontractor for the infamous political lobbying firm Bell Pottinger. They worked with social media in Bell Pottinger's horrific 2017 South African campaign of social and racial division meant to support the Gupta family and the then-president of South Africa Jacob Zuma. The New Yorker later reported that Veribo stated “We now regret our involvement” with Bell Pottinger’s South Africa campaign. A more detailed interview in South Africa’s Daily Maverick quotes Veribo’s CEO expressing the same view and deflecting all responsibility for the campaign onto Bell Pottinger.

Bell Pottinger has had a long history with Wikipedia. In a videotaped undercover interview by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, Bell Pottinger revealed that it "sorts" Wikipedia coverage of its clients with a team of employees, and also employs other "dark arts" for its clients.

When its South African campaign was exposed in 2017, Bell Pottinger immediately began losing clients and employees and the firm quickly collapsed.

Wikipedia administrator OhanaUnited is a resident of Ontario and knows about WE and the recent scandal. He told The Signpost that when he first saw the edit with the Dropbox link he thought "oh, someone's finally going to expand this article on this worthy initiative." But the editor must have been new and unfamiliar with Wikipedia’s referencing practices. "How many people prepare it (their edit) as .docx and upload to Dropbox? … I was pretty sure it's undisclosed paid editing since the Dropbox file path mentioned 'Clients' but my editing areas don't typically come across paid editing and I needed second pair of eyes to look at it" so he asked about the edit at the conflict of interest noticeboard.

Wikipedia administrator Newslinger guided The Signpost through this sock puppet investigation, to the extent permitted by Wikipedia rules.

Many undisclosed paid editing cases involve the abuse of multiple accounts, also known as sockpuppets. These editors may have particular behaviors that can be observed among more than one of their accounts. This behavioral evidence can be submitted as a sockpuppet investigation (SPI) to trace the extent of the possible abuse.

In an SPI, the editing history of the editors under examination are probed to determine if at least two of these accounts are operated by the same individual and also looks for potential connections to other accounts. All SPIs include a review of the available behavioral evidence and some SPIs also involve administrators known as checkusers who can inspect site logs not revealed publicly on Wikipedia, called technical evidence. A checkuser can only examine technical evidence if there is adequate behavioral evidence.

Few investigations have "smoking gun" evidence as strong as the Dropbox links in the Percepto case. The first link was discovered by chance by an editor not usually involved in paid editing investigations: a Microsoft Windows file path that was accidentally included by editor MarthaLetter in a 16 June 2019 edit. The link identified the article Me to We as another one of Veribo's "Active Clients restored" that had a "wiki page" in "phase 3" of some operation. The edit was tagged as a visual edit, which means that MarthaLetter most likely drafted the content in a word processor before copying and pasting it into the Wikipedia article.

The Wikipedia search feature was used to find all traces of Veribo in Wikipedia articles. Another Dropbox link from Veribo was found: on 3 June 2019, Issack.build's link revealed Ruslan Baisarov as one of Veribo's "Active Clients restored". The edit was also tagged as a visual edit.

Combined, these two links showed that Veribo was associated with at least two accounts that engaged in undisclosed paid editing and a search of technical evidence began. Five other accounts showed behavioral evidence of being connected to the first two accounts and technical evidence resulted in the blocking of 12 sock puppet accounts.

The strength of the behavioral and technical evidence in this investigation made it highly unlikely that these accounts were framed in a "joe job", which are usually related to trolls rather than paid editors.

The edits made by accounts blocked for their connection to Percepto/Veribo provide a window into the world of sophisticated paid advocacy on Wikipedia by a firm which is willing to take on politically connected assignments.

These editors created some articles and influenced the content of other articles related to the WE charity which is now being investigated in a scandal involving Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. While we haven’t presented any evidence that Trudeau knew about Percepto, the charity WE should have been able to find enough information about the type of online reputation managers that they employed just by reading Percepto’s website.

Percepto or the editors connected to them were involved in editing in three areas of concern to the public. Where does this paid advocacy editing leave Wikipedia’s reputation for accuracy?

Some Wikipedia editors might think that the Percepto editors were only caught because they made two silly mistakes and were incompetent. Other Wikipedians know, much to their chagrin, that it is surprisingly easy to unknowingly reveal identifying information while editing. Percepto editors may be back - there is apparently a lot of money to be made in this business. While it may take some time to discover any new edits they make, sooner or later they would likely be discovered again. Clients of ORM firms should be aware of this.

Of course there are many companies, frauds, grifters, and kleptocrats that have things to hide and would like to use similar ORM firms to edit Wikipedia. Some of them may be willing to spend much more money on it than the WE charity could. Completely stopping paid advocacy on Wikipedia may be an impossible task, but it is a task that Wikipedians continue to diligently work on.

The Signpost will continue to cover online reputation management firms. If you have any tips that can be documented on how these firms operate on Wikipedia, please contact us here.

The WE charity and Percepto were contacted to request comments on this story. WE responded that they would get back within 48 hours. Percepto did not respond before deadline. The Signpost will update this story with any replies from them.

Update: Following the publication of Wikipedia probe exposes an Israeli stealth PR firm that worked for scammers in the The Times of Israel, WE Charity responded to The Signpost "WE charity appreciates the seriousness of the paid editing problem on Wikipedia. Though we have hired other reputation managers, we did not hire the firm Percepto, as suggested by your story."

A small wiki audit of the Malagasy Wiktionary found that the wiktionary, which has the second largest number of entries (over 6,103,961), has had a large number of their pages automatically translated. Bot-Jagwar is a bot account run by Jagwar, the sole admin who has made edits. On the project, his bot has made more than 22 million edits (and counting). Jagwar also has a secondary bot account, Bot-Jagwar II which has made a further 6,976 edits. Another major bot contributing to mg.wikt, making the exact same type of edit, is Ikotobaity, with 2,456,748 edits run by Lohataona until 2017; the bot has been inactive since 20 October 2017. These three bots have created 6,076,769 new mainspace pages, which is 99.23% of all mainspace pages on mg.wikt. (Jagwar also ran bot edits on his main account, so the true number of bot-created entries is likely 50,000 higher.)

In this blog post, Jagwar detailed the history of his bot and mg.wikt. The bot began editing in 2010, at a rate of 50,000 edits per day, initially simply importing foreign words from other wiktionaries. After the wiki reached 200,000 pages in 2011, he wrote a script that "upload[ed] the word forms of that language", and propelled Malagasy Wiktionary to be the third largest. In 2012, Jagwar developed a more refined script. He uses NLP and automated translation in order to generate new entries, with no human intervention nor oversight. In the blog post, he wrote that translation errors were estimated at <5%, though he had "no precise idea" of it.

There is no active editing community, and Jagwar is the sole active admin on the site. Jagwar himself has only made 6 edits in the last 90 days, of which only 3 were in mainspace. The audit noted that there are various mistakes in the entries. Of a random survey of 100 non-Malagasy entries, the auditor concluded that 49 were "unusable", 29 "partially usable", and only 22 were "fully correct and usable" (though they may still have minor errors). Of Malagasy entries, the report noted that:

There are 41,902 entries categorised as lacking any definition, most of which seem to be Malagasy entries, and around 30,000 of which are the result of the definitions being removed due to copyright violation many years ago. Although there are 1,150,182 Malagasy entries in total, most of these are inflected forms, which can generally be safely created by bots. These definitionless entries are not strictly speaking incorrect, but a definition is the most central function of a dictionary, so these entries fail to be a useful part of the dictionary as a whole.

The bots also ran 218,156 edits at chr.wikt from 2012 to 2014 and 127,389 edits at ku.wikt from 2012 to 2013. The audit concluded that "Even an editing community of the size of the biggest Wiktionary, en.wikt, would not be able to clean up after these bots by hand". It strongly recommended deleting all non-Malagasy entries, removing translation sections, and telling the bot owners to cease automated creation of entries, and weakly recommended deleting all definition-less entries. – adapted by Eddie891 from Large-scale errors at Malagasy Wiktionary, written by Metaknowledge, with help from Surjection, AryamanA, Erutuon, and Smashhoof, along with input from a fluent speaker of Malagasy who wishes to remain anonymous.

A Request for Comment (RfC) to deprecate the inline parenthetical citation style was closed by Seraphimblade on 5 September as having reached consensus "that inline parenthetical referencing should be deprecated". The RFC, which was begun by CaptainEek on 5 August, drew a large amount of attention and discussion. A watchlist notice for the RFC was placed on 29 August after a discussion determined that it was a sufficiently high-profile RFC.

In closing the discussion, Seraphimblade noted that roughly 71% of the community had supported the proposal and that there was only consensus to deprecate "parenthetical style citations directly inlined into articles", rather than {{harv}} style-references in <ref></ref> tags. The RFC led to the WP:PAREN and WP:CITEVAR guidelines needing an update, though as of The Signpost's publication deadline, what the update would look like was still under discussion. Before the RfC, CITEVAR specifically stated that "editors should not attempt to change an article's established citation style merely on the grounds of personal preference" and cited a 2006 Arbitration Committee decision that "Wikipedia does not mandate styles in many different areas", including citation style. – E

• The total number of edits on all wikis reached a new monthly high in August at 54.8 million edits. Monthly edits on the English Wikipedia however won't soon reach the highs of 6.7 million set back in 2007. While edits have been on a generally upward path since 2014, the August number was 5.4 million.
• The total number of pageviews on all wikis in August was 21.2 billion, down from the recent high in April of 25.8 billion. On the English-language Wikipedia, there were 9.5 billion recorded pageviews in August, down from 11.3 billion in April.
• Kiev moves to Kyiv. Wugapodes closed a long-running page move discussion by moving the Kiev article. The traditional English name of Ukraine's capital city, Kiev, is similar to the Russian name of the city. The article was moved to Kyiv, based on the Ukrainian name transliterated from Ukrainian Cyrillic. While most participants in the RM cited Wikipedia's common name policy, the discussion was likely influenced by Russia's 2014 invasion of Ukraine, their annexation of Crimea, and Russo-Ukrainian War that has been fought since then.

• Milestones: The Tropical cyclone WikiProject celebrates its 15th birthday on October 5. Hurricanehink reminds us that we're "in the midst of another historically active season. The project has produced more than 1,000 good articles and 234 featured articles/lists, meaning 48% of the project's articles are rated 'good' or better."
• New user-groups: The Affiliations Committee announced the approval of the newest Wikimedia movement affiliate, the Wikimedians of Western Armenian Language User Group.
• New administrators: The Signpost welcomes the English Wikipedia's newest administrators, Ajpolino, Jackmcbarn, and LuK3. Five aspirants ran for adminship in a near-simultaneous mid-September flight, which was forecast in previous Signpost coverage.
• The new requirements for custom user signatures began on 6 July 2020. If you try to create a custom signature that does not meet the requirements, you will get an error message.
• Registration for editing? The Portuguese Wikipedia is currently voting on a proposal to require registration to edit. Voting, which opened on September 4, will close on October 4. The discussion is currently leaning towards requiring registration to create and edit articles, but would allow IP editing in the help and talk namespaces. Between 2008 and 2014, editors had to complete a CAPTCHA to save edits.
• The Coolest Tool Award is starting its second year and looking for nominations by the October 14 deadline. JHernandez (WMF) says that "Tools play an essential role for the Wikimedia projects, and so do the many volunteer developers who experiment with new ideas and develop and maintain local and global solutions to support the Wikimedia communities. The Coolest Tool Award aims to recognize and celebrate the coolest tools in a variety of categories." The winning tools and developers will be named in November.
• Russian Wikinews has begun running English-language news stories: see this English discussion thread for more details.

On September 23, at the general assembly meeting of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in Geneva, Switzerland, the Chinese government's delegation blocked the Wikimedia Foundation from joining WIPO as an observer. The incident was reported by Quartz ("Beijing blocked Wikimedia from a UN agency because of 'Taiwan-related issues'") and news media in various other languages (for example, ZDNet France [1], Der Standard [2] and Netzpolitik.org [3]).

As summarized by Quartz,

... the Beijing delegate said that China had “spotted a large amount of content and disinformation in violation of [the] ‘One China’ principle” on webpages affiliated with Wikimedia, thereby contravening established UN protocols and “the consistent position of WIPO on Taiwan-related issues.” The Beijing representative also suggested that Wikimedia Taiwan has been “carrying out political activities… which could undermine the state’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.” [...] Beijing claims sovereignty over Taiwan, even though the ruling Communist Party has never controlled the country.

According to one eyewitness, Teresa Nobre of Communia,

This decision came as a shock to many observers of WIPO, since there has only been one case in recent memory where an observer status application to WIPO has not been accepted. In 2014, the Pirate Party International was rejected due to being a federation of political parties.

Beijing has long been known for its efforts to prevent Taiwan or Taiwanese organizations from participating in global associations (such as the World Health Organization, or, as a recent example, BirdLife International). However, excluding an international organization like WMF for such reasons seems highly unusual, with the US delegation pointing out "the established precedent at WIPO of supporting other existing observers and Member States that also have some affiliation with Taiwan. For example, the International Chamber of Commerce, the International Law Association, the Biotechnology Industry Organization ..."

Wikimedia Taiwan reacted with a statement emphasizing its status as an independent organization and its commitment to neutrality, stating "we fairly display all points of view of a controversial topic, not the point of view from any particular country or government". The Wikimedia Foundation urged China to withdraw its objection, which would enable the application to go through next year.

On the Publicpolicy mailing list, Sherwin Siy from the Wikimedia Foundation gave some background about its motivations for joining WIPO:

WIPO is where the world's countries gather to write the treaties that shape the laws that govern the world's knowledge. If you've ever complained about DRM laws being ubiquitous, you can blame lobbying that took place at WIPO; if you're glad for recent laws that make it easier for blind and visually impaired people to access books, you can thank lobbying that took place at WIPO, too.

Those treaties are negotiated among country delegations that typically sit in a big impressive room in Geneva. Meanwhile, hundreds of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) representing publishers, broadcaster, record labels, libraries, and civil society organizations sit at the back of the room, observing the negotiations as they happen and, in between official sessions, those groups hold side briefings, pass out position papers and white papers, and try to make sure that the negotiators don't forget about their particular interests.

We wanted to make sure that the Foundation could be a part of those conversations, as a way to bring more members of the community to WIPO, and make sure that our movement's interests don't get left behind.

Creative Commons (itself already an observer at WIPO) and Wikimedia Germany reacted with statements supporting the Wikimedia Foundation's application.

Like Communia ("It was particularly disappointing that the European Union and its Member States remained silent in the discussion") and former European Parliament member Julia Reda ("Shamefully, the EU kept silent"), the German chapter also criticized the lack of support from EU member states, in contrast to the reactions of the delegations from the US and the UK.

As noted by Quartz, the Chinese government's action should be seen in the context of its previous blocking of Wikipedia and more recent reports about conflicts over Taiwan-related content on Wikipedia (see Signpost coverage: "The BBC looks at Chinese government editing"). The English Wikipedia's decision some months ago to describe Taiwan as a country also comes to mind. That said, besides Wikimedia-specific aspects, it's also worth being aware of current geopolitical developments, with almost 40 Chinese warplanes crossing the previously respected Cross-Strait median on the weekend before the WIPO incident, and observers warning that a military invasion of Taiwan is becoming a more realistic possibility.

Wikipedia falsely said I was convicted of attempted murder. I expected online abuse, but not this: The editing described by this article in the Seattle Times was done by a user who states that he is a teenager. He has also requested that he be indefinitely blocked and his request was granted. Fifteen years ago this month John Seigenthaler discovered that Wikipedia had suggested that he was involved with the assassinations of John and Robert Kennedy. There have been over a hundred discussions on Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons/Noticeboard involving the word "murder" since that time. We're still making the same type of mistake.

DOJ to Seek Congressional Curbs on Immunity for Internet Companies: (paywalled) The Wall Street Journal reports that the US Department of Justice is seeking to change the Section 230 protections for internet platforms. According to the WSJ, Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act "gives internet platforms broad latitude to police their sites and shields them from legal liability related to users’ actions, except in relatively narrow circumstances." While the WSJ did not mention Wikipedia in the article, Wikipedians might still feel threatened. Section 230 is central to the way Wikipedia operates: it says that the WMF is not responsible for your edits. Back in July Digital Trends stated the case bluntly in If Section 230 gets killed, Wikipedia will die along with it. It quoted Sherwin Siy, the Wikimedia Foundation’s senior manager for public policy saying

[If we were to] live in a world where there is no Section 230 in the United States, that changes things drastically ... It makes it a very different landscape. You’d see a lot of platforms being much more hesitant to allow users to publish things without any vetting. It would expose, for example, the Wikimedia Foundation to a lot more potential liability. It actually would just be a punishing amount of risk.

• Grand Central mistake, Is the Grand Central Clock Worth $20 Million? in "Untapped New York": The article traces many of the mysteries and myths of the four faced clock in Manhattan. One of the myths which began about 1999 mistakes the opaline glass faces for the precious stone opal. This 2006 edit in Wikipedia puts the crown jewel in the myth, valuing the clock at $20 million.
• Kirsty Crommie in TES gives us all A lesson for teachers from the Scots Wikipedia page: Last month it was discovered that AmaryllisGardener (AG) had been one of the main editors on the Scots Wikipedia for 7 years despite having very limited knowledge of the Scots language. Crommie gently tells us that "It is perhaps time to remind ourselves of the importance of demonstrating grace, empathy and kindness." She adds that AG's "passion, inquisitiveness, perseverance and hard work are surely traits we want to celebrate and promote." Thank you for reminding us.
• What Happens to Scots Wikipedia Now? by Stephen Harrison on Slate covers the Scots controversy from all sides, concluding that "small Wikipedias" have special difficulties and could use some special help from other Wikipedians.
• Building Wikipedia, in Kannada and Tulu: Published in the Times of India, the story concentrates on how the speakers of these two Dravidian languages in southwestern India try to build Wikipedia communities. A Tulu speaker noted that the "majority of Tulu culture is passed on orally, and it is important to document it for generations."
• One good way to ask for a correction, contact a reporter: Sapakoff: Raiders owner Mark Davis corrects Wikipedia on Charleston, Citadel ties Mark Davis, the owner of the Las Vegas Raiders, was upset that Wikipedia got his age, birthplace and middle name - it's just an "M" - wrong. So he called up reporter Gene Sapakoff who then wrote an article about Davis. Problem solved.
• NZ tourism's Wikipedia problem: Fox Glacier page dominated by deaths, rural NZ non-existent: The news website Stuff quotes Wikipedian User:Giantflightlessbirds extensively saying that New Zealand's tourist sites have skimpy or poorly written Wikipedia pages and that rural NZ areas "did not have a website presence".
• Entrepreneur must just like us: 5 Tips To Get Yourself a Personal Wikipedia Page in Entrepreneur (India). Simplified, the 5 tips are, in order:
  • read the COI guideline,
  • ignore it and get many people to help you write the article,
  • write for a large audience,
  • add photos and keep the page updated, then
  • hire a paid editing company.

This raises the question of "why not just skip to step 5 right away, especially if you are going to ignore the COI guideline?"

In earlier attempts to encourage the never-ending quest for free advertisements on Wikipedia, Entrepreneur has published

• Entrepreneurs Are Paying Wikipedia Editors to Create Profile Pages and
• Amy Osmond Cook's May 2017 advertorial What I Learned When a Wikipedia Troll Deleted My Page.

• #KyivnotKiev: Kyiv not Kiev: Wikipedia changes spelling of Ukrainian capital The Ukrainian Foreign Minister is rather pleased that the "fortified bastion" of Wikipedia has decided to move the Kiev article to Kyiv.

• A language generation program’s ability to write articles, produce code and compose poetry has wowed scientists by Prasenjit Mitra in The Conversation: if the language generation program named "Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3" (GPT-3 for short) can do all those writing tasks, do we need Wikipedians anymore? The answer is likely "yes", since some of the program's inspiration and much of its input comes from Wikipedia.

• Which Celebrity's Wikipedia Pages Do These Random And Weird Facts Come From?: BuzzFeed tells us that Wikipedia's celebrity bios' "personal life section = everything." Then they give a quiz on some of the odd and bizarre facts contained in these sections - mostly about people in the entertainment industry. This reporter has not kept up on the personal lives of entertainers and only answered correctly on 4 out of 13 questions, but that was good enough to score better than "than 47% of quiztakers." Since there were only 4 possible answers to each question, by pure luck I'd be expected to get 3.25 answers correct. Perhaps the media outlets that tell us that people are especially interested in celebrities' personal lives are incorrect.

• The Daily Nous Mapping the Big Picture: The Daily Nous features a project by a GitHub user to graphically represent the connections among various Wikipedia articles related to philosophy.

• Crypto-hating Wikipedia editor David Gerard claims another victim: David Gerard is blamed by Cointelegraph.com for deleting an article on an Australian blockchain company, Power Ledger. Cointelegraph accurately states that the AFD "shows Gerald [sic] arguing that content from crypto news publications is 'not usable for claims of notability,'..." To nail down this indisputable point Cointelegraph quotes Gerard's article from the January Signpost.

“No crypto blogs, no crypto news sites — because these look like specialist trade press, but they’re really about advocacy: promoting their holdings. Many are blatantly pay for play, and very few ever saw a press release with ‘blockchain’ in it that they wouldn’t reprint.”

• Hassium (nominated by R8R and Double sharp) is a chemical element with the symbol 'Hs' and the atomic number 108. Hassium is highly radioactive; the most stable known isotope, ²⁶⁹Hs, has a half-life of approximately sixteen seconds. One of its isotopes, ²⁷⁰Hs, has magic numbers of both protons and neutrons for deformed nuclei, which gives it greater stability against spontaneous fission. Hassium is a superheavy element; it has been produced in a laboratory only in very small quantities by fusing heavy nuclei with lighter ones. Natural occurrences of the element have been hypothesised, but none has ever been found.
• The 1986 World Snooker Championship (nominated by BennyOnTheLoose and Lee Vilenski) was a professional snooker tournament that took place between 19 April and 5 May 1986 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England. It was the sixth and final ranking event of the 1985–86 snooker season and the 1986 edition of the World Snooker Championship, which was first held in 1927. The total prize fund was £350,000 with £70,000 awarded to the winner, world number 16 Joe Johnson.
• The 2020 Tour Championship (nominated by Lee Vilenski) was a professional snooker tournament, which took place from 20 to 26 June 2020 at the Marshall Arena in Milton Keynes, England. Organised by the World Snooker Tour (a subsidiary of the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association), it was the second edition of the Tour Championship and the third and final event of the second season of the Coral Cup. It was the 16th and penultimate ranking event of the 2019–20 snooker season following the Gibraltar Open and preceding the World Championship. The tournament was originally scheduled for 17 to 22 March 2020, but on the morning of 17 March the event was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Following advice from the UK government, it had been decided that no spectators would be permitted at the event. The winner of the tournament, Stephen Maguire, won £150,000 out of a total prize fund of £380,000.
• The Battle of Dunbar (nominated by Gog the Mild and Girth Summit) was fought between the English New Model Army, under Oliver Cromwell, and a Scottish army commanded by David Leslie, on 3 September 1650 near Dunbar, Scotland, and was decisively won by the English. It was the first major battle of the Third English Civil War, which was triggered by Scotland's acceptance of Charles II as king of Britain after the execution of his father, Charles I on 30 January 1649.
• The Fatimid conquest of Egypt (nominated by Cplakidas) took place in 969, as the troops of the Fatimid Caliphate under the general Jawhar captured Egypt, then ruled by the autonomous Ikhshidid dynasty in the name of the Abbasid Caliphate.
• Groundhog Day (nominated by Darkwarriorblake) is a 1993 American fantasy comedy film directed by Harold Ramis and written by Ramis and Danny Rubin. It stars Bill Murray, Andie MacDowell, and Chris Elliott. Murray portrays Phil Connors, a cynical TV weatherman covering the annual Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, who becomes trapped in a time loop forcing him to relive February 2 repeatedly. The film also stars Stephen Tobolowsky, Brian Doyle-Murray, Marita Geraghty, Angela Paton, Rick Ducommun, Rick Overton, and Robin Duke.
• Hey Y'all (nominated by Aoba47)is the second studio album by American singer Elizabeth Cook, released on August 27, 2002, by the Warner Bros. record label. A country album, reviews were generally positive from critics who praised the album's traditional country sound and Cook's songwriting. Retrospective reviews remained positive, although some commentators said Cook's later releases were stronger.
• Zebras (nominated by LittleJerry) are African equines with distinctive black-and-white striped coats. Zebra stripes come in different patterns, unique to each individual. Several theories have been proposed for the function of these stripes, with most evidence supporting them as a form of protection from biting flies. Zebras inhabit eastern and southern Africa and can be found in a variety of habitats such as savannahs, grasslands, woodlands, shrublands and mountainous areas. Zebras are primarily grazers, and are preyed on mainly by lions and typically flee when threatened but also bite and kick. A zebra's dazzling stripes make them among the most recognisable mammals. They have been featured in art and stories in Africa and beyond. Historically, they have been highly sought after by exotic animal collectors, but unlike horses and donkeys, zebras have never been truly domesticated. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the Grévy's zebra as endangered, the mountain zebra as vulnerable and the plains zebra as near-threatened. The quagga, a type of plains zebra, was driven to extinction in the 19th century. Nevertheless, zebras can be found in numerous protected areas.
• A complete blood count (nominated by Spicy) is a set of medical laboratory tests that provide information about the cells in a person's blood. The CBC indicates the amounts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, the concentration of hemoglobin, and the hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells). The red blood cell indices, which indicate the average size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells, are also reported, and a white blood cell differential, which counts the different types of white blood cells, may be included.
• Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story (nominated by Damien Linnane) is a 1993 American biographical drama film that was directed and co-written by Rob Cohen, and stars Jason Scott Lee, Lauren Holly, Nancy Kwan and Robert Wagner. The film follows the life of actor and martial artist Bruce Lee (Jason) from his relocation to the US from Hong Kong to his career as a martial arts teacher, and then as a television and film actor. It also focuses on the relationship between Bruce and his wife Linda Lee Cadwell, and the racism to which Bruce was subjected.
• Elizabeth Willing Powel (nominated by GreenMeansGo and Coffeeandcrumbs) was an American socialite and a prominent member of the Philadelphia upper class of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The daughter and later wife of mayors of Philadelphia, she was a salonnière who hosted frequent gatherings that became a staple of political life in the city. During the First Continental Congress in 1774, Powel opened her home to the delegates and their families, hosting dinner parties and other events. After the American Revolutionary War, she again took her place among the most prominent Philadelphian socialites, establishing a salon of the Republican Court of leading intellectuals and political figures.
• During World War II, the Jews of Dęblin and Irena were persecuted and murdered (nominated by Buidhe) as part of the Holocaust in the Lublin District in Poland. This persecution included a Nazi ghetto, several forced-labor camps and deportation to extermination camps during 1942. A ghetto was established in Irena in November 1940. Beginning in May 1941, local labor camps became collection centers for Jews sent there from the Opole and Warsaw Ghettos. The first deportation was in May 1942 and took 2,500 Jews to Sobibór extermination camp. A week later, two thousand Jews arrived from Slovakia and hundreds more from nearby ghettos. In October, the ghetto was liquidated; about 2,500 Jews were deported to Treblinka extermination camp. Unusually, the labor camp was allowed to exist until July 1944. One of the last Jewish labor camps in the Lublin District, it enabled hundreds of Jews to survive the Holocaust. Some survivors returned home, where they faced harassment and murders, but all left by 1947.
• Skegness (nominated by Noswall59) is a seaside town and civil parish in Lincolnshire, England. On the Lincolnshire coast of the North Sea, the town is 43 miles (69 km) east of Lincoln and 22 miles (35 km) north-east of Boston. With a population of 19,579, it is the largest settlement in the East Lindsey district; it also incorporates Winthorpe and Seacroft, and forms a larger built-up area with the resorts of Ingoldmells and Chapel St Leonards to the north. The town is on the A52 and A158 roads, connecting it with Boston and the East Midlands, and Lincoln respectively. Skegness railway station is on the Nottingham to Skegness (via Grantham) line.
• Alfonso XIII (nominated by Parsecboy) was the second of three España-class dreadnought battleships built in the 1910s for the Spanish Navy. Completed in 1915, she took part in the Rif War and the Spanish Civil War.
• Tropical Storm Vicente (nominated by Hurricane Noah) was an unusually small tropical cyclone that made landfall as a tropical depression in the Mexican state of Michoacán on October 23, 2018, causing deadly mudslides.
• Yusuf I of Granada (nominated by HaEr48) was the seventh Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada on the Iberian Peninsula. The third son of Ismail I (r. 1314–1322), he was Sultan between 1333 and 1354, after his brother Muhammad IV (r. 1325–1333) was assassinated.
• Duke and Duchess of Windsor's 1937 tour of Germany (nominated by Serial Number 54129): Edward, Duke of Windsor, and Wallis, Duchess of Windsor, visited Nazi Germany in October 1937. The Duke had abdicated the British throne in December 1936, and his brother George VI became king. Windsor promised the government to keep a low profile, and the tour went ahead between 12 and 23 October. Adolf Hitler was sympathetic to the Windsors and treated the Duchess regally. The British government was unable to affect the course of events and forbade its diplomatic staff in Germany from having any high-level interaction with the Duke and Duchess. British popular opinion of the tour was muted, most viewing it as in poor taste to disrupt the first year of George's reign. Modern historians tend to consider the 1937 tour as a reflection of both the Duke's lack of judgement and of his disregard for the advice he received.
• Iwan Roberts (nominated by Dweller and The Rambling Man) is a Welsh former professional footballer, who played as a striker from 1986 to 2005 for a number of clubs and the Welsh national team.
• Lost in Translation (nominated by NTox) is a 2003 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Sofia Coppola. Bill Murray stars as Bob Harris, a fading American movie star who is having a midlife crisis when he travels to Tokyo to promote Suntory whisky. There, he befriends another estranged American named Charlotte, a young woman and recent college graduate played by Scarlett Johansson. Giovanni Ribisi and Anna Faris also feature. The film explores themes of alienation and disconnection against a backdrop of cultural displacement in Japan. Further analysis by critics and scholars has focused on the film's defiance of mainstream narrative conventions and its atypical depiction of romance.

• In 2018 (nominated by Lee Vilenski), championships were held across three continents to determine the best players in major cue sports, including snooker, pool, and English billiards. Whilst these are traditionally single player sports, some matches and tournaments are held as either doubles or as team events. The snooker season runs between May and April, whilst the pool and billiards seasons run through the calendar year.
• The 92nd Academy Awards (nominated by Birdienest81) ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored films released in 2019 and took place on February 9, 2020, at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, beginning at 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, the AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. Parasite won four awards including Best Picture, the first non-English language film to win that award. Other winners include 1917 with three awards, Ford v Ferrari, Joker, and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood with two awards, and American Factory, Bombshell, Hair Love, Jojo Rabbit, Judy, Learning to Skateboard in a Warzone (If You're a Girl), Little Women, Marriage Story, The Neighbors' Window, Rocketman, and Toy Story 4 with one. The telecast garnered 23.64 million viewers, making it the least-watched Oscar broadcast since 1974 when Nielsen began keeping records of viewership.
• The Caldecott Medal (nominated by Barkeep49) annually recognizes the preceding year's "most distinguished American picture book for children". It is awarded to the illustrator by the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC), a division of the American Library Association (ALA). The Caldecott and Newbery Medals are considered the most prestigious American children's book awards. Beside the Caldecott Medal, the committee awards a variable number of citations to runner-ups they deem worthy, called the Caldecott Honor or Caldecott Honor Books.
• Jack Nicholson has an extensive filmography (nominated by HAL333) He is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter who made his film debut in The Cry Baby Killer (1958). Nicholson is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of his generation. He is also one of the most critically acclaimed: his 12 Academy Award nominations make him the most nominated male actor in the Academy's history. He is also a Kennedy Center Honoree and a recipient of the AFI Life Achievement Award and the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award.
• Burnley Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Burnley, Lancashire. Since its founding in 1882, Burnley F.C. has many records and statistics (nominated by WA8MTWAYC). Burnley have been champions of England twice, in 1920–21 and 1959–60, have won the FA Cup once, in 1913–14, and have won the FA Charity Shield twice, in 1960 and 1973. The record for most games played for the club is held by Jerry Dawson, who made 569 appearances between 1907 and 1928. George Beel scored 188 goals during his Burnley career, and is the club's record goalscorer.
• Hot Country Songs is a chart that ranks the top-performing country music songs in the United States, published by Billboard magazine. 11 different singles (nominated by ChrisTheDude) topped the chart in 1964 and 10 in 1963 (nominated by ChrisTheDude), published at the time under the title Hot Country Singles, in 52 issues of the magazine. Chart placings were based on playlists submitted by country music radio stations and sales reports submitted by stores.
• The Masked Singer is an American reality singing competition television series based on the South Korean television program King of Mask Singer. The show, which involves celebrities singing anonymously in elaborate full-body costumes, was developed by Craig Plestis and is hosted by Nick Cannon.During most episodes, four to six celebrities each perform covers of famous songs in costume in front of a studio audience and panelists Ken Jeong, Jenny McCarthy Wahlberg, Nicole Scherzinger, and Robin Thicke. After the audience and panelists vote for their favorite performance, the celebrity with the fewest votes is eliminated from the competition and takes off their mask, revealing their identity. There have been three seasons and numerous episodes (nominated by Heartfox).
• Charlize Theron is a South African-born American actress and producer who has received various awards and nominations (nominated by CAPTAIN MEDUSA), including one Academy Award and one Golden Globe Award. Additionally, she has been nominated for two Academy Awards, three British Academy Film Awards, and one Primetime Emmy Award. In 2005, Theron received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the motion picture industry.
• The Flash is an American superhero television series developed for The CW by Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, and Geoff Johns, based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash. It is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with the other television series of the franchise, and is a spin-off of Arrow. The series premiered on October 7, 2014, and has been renewed through its seventh season. Grant Gustin stars as Barry, a crime scene investigator who gains superhuman speed, which he uses to fight criminals, including others who have also gained superhuman abilities. The series has been a candidate for television awards in a variety of categories recognizing its writing, acting, directing, production, score, and visual effects. The Flash has been nominated for many awards (nominated by Brojam).
• The U.S. state of Washington has 39 counties (nominated by Reywas92).
• Super Smash Bros. for Wii U, sometimes abbreviated as Smash 4, is a crossover fighting video game for the Wii U. Players control one of 58 characters drawn from Nintendo and third-party game franchises, and try to knock their opponents out of an arena. Each player has a percentage meter which rises as they take damage; characters become easier to knock into the air or out of bounds as the percentage increases. There are many major Super Smash Bros. for Wii U tournaments (nominated by The Squirrel Conspiracy).
• The first documented deaths of competitive cyclists (nominated by Shearonink) during competition or training date to the 1890s and early 1900s when the recently-invented safety or two-wheel bicycle made cycling more popular, both as a sport and as transportation. The athletes listed here were either professional cyclists, pacemakers, or well-known competitive amateurs who had a cycling-related death, mostly during a race or during training. Pacemakers are motorcyclists utilized in motor-paced racing, riding motorcycles in front of their cycling teammates to provide additional speed to those cyclists via the resulting slipstream.
• Natalie Portman is an Israeli-American actress who has received various awards and nominations (nominated by CAPTAIN MEDUSA) , including one Academy Award, one British Academy Film Award, and two Golden Globe Awards. Additionally, she has been nominated for two Academy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, and two Golden Globes.
• Shilpa Shetty is an Indian film actress, businesswoman and former model who has acted in numerous films (nominated by 25 Cents FC). Known primarily for her work in Hindi films, she has also appeared in Telugu, Kannada and Tamil films.
• The Hawthorn Memorial Trophy (nominated by MWright96) is an annual award honouring the achievements of a British or Commonwealth driver in Formula One motor racing. Of the nineteen recipients since its creation in 1959, all but six have gone on to win the World Championship, with a total of 24 wins between them. The winner of the 2019 edition was the six-time world champion Lewis Hamilton, who has the most victories of any driver with ten and has won the last eight in a row.
• Orson Welles (1915–1985) was an American actor, director, writer, and producer who is best remembered for his innovative work in radio, theatre and film. He is widely considered one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time, and has an extensive filmography (nominated by HAL333).
• Avengers: Endgame is a 2019 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team, the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. A critical and commercial success, the film recieved numerous awards and nominations (nominated by Surge elec).

Amendment requests adjusting one editor's editing restrictions are not discussed here.

• Pseudoscience – outcome still pending as of publishing deadline
• 1RR/Abortion
  • The one-revert restriction on all articles related to abortion, authorized by the community here and modified by the Arbitration Committee in the Abortion arbitration case, is formally taken over by the committee and vacated. Discretionary sanctions remain authorized for all pages related to abortion, broadly construed. (posted to WP:AN)
• Civility in infobox discussions – outcome still pending as of publishing deadline

• Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case#JzG opened 15:20, 9 September 2020 by MrX, a 10+ year non-admin editor. Respondent JzG is an administrator. Vote is 4/9/0 as of The Signpost's publication deadline. The case was requested to examine the history of JzG's actions as an administrator, and his general conduct that reflects adversely on his role as an administrator. The area where JzG struggles the most is with closing and re-opening discussions. On several occasions he has circumvented normal process, often when he has been involved with the underlying subject. He has also been formally warned for incivility, has engaged in edit warring, and has violated WP:INVOLVED on several occasions.

Several arbitrators voting to accept the case cited the lack of resolution to issues at the Arbcom case brought concerning the same administrator this past June. However, the committee is divided on this; after writing on 11 June 2020 [4]: I'm voting to decline today because I don't see enough recent evidence of serious incivility or personal attacks to warrant convening an admin-conduct case—but the outcome might be different if we find ourselves back here with a more solid request for a case, based on incidents occurring after today. JzG, there might be people out there looking for a good reason to file a new request. Don't give them one., Newyorkbrad stated on 9 September, in voting to decline again, commented [5] In voting to decline a previous case request against JzG in June, I urged him to remain civil even in difficult situations. It is good that in both of the recent disputed discussions, he appears to have done so.

• These lists exclude the Wikipedia main page, non-article pages (such as redlinks), and anomalous entries (such as DDoS attacks or likely automated views). Since mobile view data became available to the Report in October 2014, we exclude articles that have almost no mobile views (5–6% or less) or almost all mobile views (94–95% or more) because they are very likely to be automated views based on our experience and research of the issue. Please feel free to discuss any removal on the Top 25 Report talk page if you wish.

A monthly overview of recent academic research about Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects, also published as the Wikimedia Research Newsletter.

A paper^[1] with this title, presented earlier this year at the "International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management" (ISCRAM 2020), adds to the growing literature on Wikipedia's content biases, finding that while the English Wikipedia "offers good coverage of disasters, particularly those having a large number of fatalities [...] the coverage of floods in Wikipedia is skewed towards rich, English-speaking countries, in particular the US and Canada."

Any bias analysis of this kind is faced with the problem of identifying an unbiased "ground truth" that Wikipedia's coverage can be compared to. The researchers approach this diligently, resorting to "three of the most comprehensive databases documenting floods that are commonly used by the hydrology science for reference": Floodlist, which is funded by the EU's Copernicus Programme, the "Emergency Events Database" (EM-DAT), and the University of Colorado's Dartmouth Flood Observatory (DFO). Focusing on a timespan extending from 2016 to 2019, and following an elaborate process involving e.g. defining search criteria for each source and deduplicating the results, they arrived at a consolidated dataset consisting of 1102 flood events, of which only 249 were present in all three databases. The authors asked experts to identify possible reasons for these discrepancies (or biases) between the sources, e.g. the fact that Floodlist includes landslides resulting from heavy rain events that do not meet the definitions of the other two sources. They concluded that these explanations justified relying on events that were covered in at least two of the three sources, resulting in a dataset consisting of 458 floods.

The comparison dataset representing Wikipedia's coverage was constructed using keyword searches to find individual sentences mentioning flood events (rather than entire articles, which one might identify more easily using e.g. Category:Floods).

The analysis of the data focuses on the "hit rate" per country, defined as the percentage of floods from the ground truth dataset that have at least one corresponding item in the Wikipedia dataset. The United States was both the country with the highest number of floods in the ground truth dataset (36, followed by Indonesia with 25 and the Philippines with 17), and the country with by far the highest hit rate (86.11%) among the countries with the highest number of floods. Aggregated by continent, North America likewise had the highest Wikipedia coverage (49.06%), and South America the lowest (10.53%). Interestingly, Europe did not fare very well, with a hit rate of 21.18%, slightly below that of Africa (21.88%) and way behind Asia (which had 37.63% of its floods covered on English Wikipedia).

To identify possible causes of the differing hit rates by country, the authors "analyzed several socio-economic variables to see whether they correlate with floods coverage. These variables are GDP per capita, GNI per capita, country, continent, date, fatalities, number of English speakers and vulnerability index." This analysis consists of presenting various table and graphs with the hit rate plotted over four to six buckets of the independent variable (e.g. Low income / lower middle income / upper middle income / high income), eschewing more sophisticated statistical methods. They find some evidence for a bias toward higher income countries, although the trend is not entirely consistent (e.g. in a different classification into six instead of four income levels, the second-lowest level "Lower middle income" had a higher hit rate than the three above it). They also find evidence of that countries with a higher ratio of English speakers have better coverage, although "The language can be only a partial explanation because for floods in Australia the hit-rate is half and lower than other non-English-speaking countries" (similarly, the UK only ranked 16th in Wikipedia coverage among the top 20 countries with at least five floods in the ground truth data).

Still, the paper's overall conclusion is that "Wikipedia’s coverage is biased towards some countries, particularly those that are more industrialized and have large English-speaking populations, and against some countries, particularly low-income countries which also happen to be among the most vulnerable".

Unfortunately the researchers fail to acknowledge their own glaring bias in this research, namely the decision to exclusively focus on the English Wikipedia in a paper that is repeatedly hand-wringing about language disparities. To be sure, this bias has long been identified as an issue affecting a large part of Wikipedia research, and there are practical reasons for confining such an analysis to a language that researchers are fluent in. But since the authors clearly seem to frame such biases as a bad thing (at one point referring to them as "flaws" of Wikipedia), it is worth asking whether and why they think that the authors of reference works like Wikipedia should not focus their labor on those natural disasters that are more likely to affect their readers. While the study's confinement to only one of Wikipedia's hundreds of languages is mentioned in the "Limitations and future work" section, it is again framed just as an open question about Wikipedia's shortcomings ("understand how an editor’s language affects the coverage bias"), rather than as an acknowledgment of the paper's own.

• See the page of the monthly Wikimedia Research Showcase for videos and slides of past presentations.

Other recent publications that could not be covered in time for this issue include the items listed below. Contributions, whether reviewing or summarizing newly published research, are always welcome.

From the abstract and paper:^[2]

"The WikipediaBot is a self-contained mechanism with modules for generating credentials for Wikipedia editors, bypassing login protections, and a production of contextually-relevant adversarial edits for target Wikipedia articles that evade conventional detection. The contextually-relevant adversarial edits are generated using an adversarial Markov chain that incorporates a linguistic manipulation attack known as MIM or malware-induced misperceptions. [...]

To show how the WikipediaBot could be used to harm discourse, we analyzed a scenario where a hypothetical adversary aims to reduce mentions of Uyghurs on the Uyghurs Wikipedia page [e.g. by changing "the ongoing repression of the Uyghurs" with "the ongoing repression of the Manchus", and other edits suggested by the MIM engine]. ... we contacted the Wikipedia security team with the details and the inner workings of WikipediaBot prior to writing this publication as part of the responsible disclosure requirement. The exposure of the WikipediaBot system architecture allows for consideration of other types of detection, prevention, and defenses then the one proposed in this paper [which was "to add a more robust CAPTCHA system to prevent edits to individual pages"]. We only tested the WikipediaBot on a local, isolated testbed, and never used it to make any adversarial manipulation on the live Wikipedia platform."

From the abstract:^[3]

"Due to the limitation of the number of characters, a Wikipedia page cannot always be sent through SMS. This work raises the issue of text summarization with character limitation. To solve this issue, two extractive approaches have been combined: LSA and TextRank algorithms. [...] The evaluation showed the relevance of the approach for pages of at most 2000 characters. The system has been tested using the SMS simulator of RapidSMS without a GSM gateway to simulate the deployment in a real environment."

(Compare also previous efforts to make Wikipedia accessible via text messaging)

From the abstract:^[4]

"The high-quality dataset consists of 1,500 Russian questions of varying complexity, their English machine translations, SPARQL queries to Wikidata, reference answers, as well as a Wikidata sample of triples containing entities with Russian labels. The dataset creation started with a large collection of question-answer pairs from online quizzes. The data underwent automatic filtering, crowd-assisted entity linking, automatic generation of SPARQL queries, and their subsequent in-house verification."

From the abstract and paper :^[5]

"We present three statistical approaches for comparing geometric data using two-parameter persistent homology [a tool from topological data analysis ], and we demonstrate the applicability of these approaches on high-dimensional point-cloud data obtained from Simple English Wikipedia articles. [...] The data in this project was produced by applying a Word2Vec algorithm to the text of articles in Simple English Wikipedia, [converting] each of 120,526 articles into a 200-dimension vector, such that articles with similar content produce vectors that are close together. The data also gives a popularity score for each article, indicating how frequently the article is accessed in Simple English Wikipedia. Abstractly, our data is a point cloud of 120,526 points in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{200}}$, with a real-valued function on each point ..."

From the abstract:^[6]

"Rooted in a long tradition in knowledge representation, all popular KBs [knowledge bases] only store positive information, but abstain from taking any stance towards statements not contained in them. In this paper, we make the case for explicitly stating interesting statements which are not true. [..] We introduce two approaches towards automatically compiling negative statements. [...] Experimental results show that both approaches hold promising and complementary potential. Along with this paper, we publish the first datasets on interesting negative information, containing over 1.4M statements for 130K popular Wikidata entities."

See also Video and slides, OpenReview page, dataset

From the abstract:^[7]

"We present the first study on social bias in knowledge graph embeddings, and propose a new metric suitable for measuring such bias. We conduct experiments on Wikidata and Freebase, and show that, as with word embeddings, harmful social biases related to professions are encoded in the embeddings with respect to gender, religion, ethnicity and nationality. For example, graph embeddings encode the information that men are more likely to be bankers, and women more likely to be homekeepers."

The paper also contains lists of the top male and female professions in Wikidata (relative to female and male, respectively), evaluated by two different metrics. For the first metric (TransE embeddings), the male list is lead by baritone, military commander, banker, racing driver and engineer. The top five entries on the corresponding female professions list are nun, feminist, soprano, suffragette, and mezzo-soprano.

From the abstract:^[8]

"First, we analyze spatio-temporal patterns of readers' and editors' engagement with MPs' Wikipedia pages, finding huge peaks of attention during election times, related to signs of engagement on other social media (e.g. Twitter). Second, we quantify editors' polarisation and find that most editors specialize in a specific party and choose specific news outlets as references. Finally we observe that the average citation quality is pretty high, with statements on 'Early life and career' missing citations most often (18%)."