Did you know that a 1975 paper about lorazepam and sexual disorders is cited in the Wikipedia article about a fish?
ChatGPT thinks that proper Wikipedia articles contain PMID links (PubMed identifiers). LLMs learned what encyclopedia articles look like but not what the words mean or why they are formatted the way they are. The problem is that "looks like a good Wikipedia article" and "is a good Wikipedia article" are not the same thing.
To illustrate the problem:
PMID 1 equates to https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1/ and you can keep incrementing that number. I scraped the titles of PMIDs 1–1000, had some code search Wikipedia for articles containing those titles, and then asked Claude to filter out any articles where the PMID could somewhat plausibly be relevant. This is not a sophisticated approach. It is embarrassingly simple. And it found hundreds of articles.
Which means I have found the tip of a rather large iceberg.
I would like to offer my apologies to the entire WikiProject AI Cleanup team.
This should also serve as a wake-up call. "Agentic AI" will only make the situation worse.
WMF, we need better bot detection now and a MassUndo tool that handles edit conflicts.
| PMID | Wikipedia article | Paper |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | League of Nations | Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning |
| 1 | Great Leap Forward | Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning |
| 1 | Biometrics | Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning |
| 1 | Hysteresis | Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning |
| 2 | Pakistan State Oil | Delineation of the intimate details of the backbone conformation of pyridine nucleotide coenzymes in aqueous solution |
| 2 | Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | Delineation of the intimate details of the backbone conformation of pyridine nucleotide coenzymes in aqueous solution |
| 2 | Savannah McCaskill | Delineation of the intimate details of the backbone conformation of pyridine nucleotide coenzymes in aqueous solution |
| 2 | 2.5D (machining) | Delineation of the intimate details of the backbone conformation of pyridine nucleotide coenzymes in aqueous solution |
| 3 | List of conspiracy theories | Metal substitutions incarbonic anhydrase: a halide ion probe study |
| 3 | Hysteresis | Metal substitutions incarbonic anhydrase: a halide ion probe study |
| 3 | Peyronie's disease | Metal substitutions incarbonic anhydrase: a halide ion probe study |
| 3 | Scarus dubius | Metal substitutions incarbonic anhydrase: a halide ion probe study |
| 4 | Pakistan State Oil | Effect of chloroquine on cultured fibroblasts: release of lysosomal hydrolases and inhibition of their uptake |
| 4 | Ecotropism | Effect of chloroquine on cultured fibroblasts: release of lysosomal hydrolases and inhibition of their uptake |
| 4 | Zafar Mirza | Effect of chloroquine on cultured fibroblasts: release of lysosomal hydrolases and inhibition of their uptake |
| 4 | Centric Software | Effect of chloroquine on cultured fibroblasts: release of lysosomal hydrolases and inhibition of their uptake |
| 5 | Dexmethylphenidate | Atomic models for the polypeptide backbones of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin |
| 5 | Helicase | Atomic models for the polypeptide backbones of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin |
| 5 | Procalcitonin | Atomic models for the polypeptide backbones of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin |
| 5 | Rhodamine | Atomic models for the polypeptide backbones of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin |
| 5 | Scarus dubius | Atomic models for the polypeptide backbones of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin |
| 6 | Hysteresis | Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule |
| 6 | Hoarse voice | Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule |
| 6 | Timeline of LGBTQ history in the British Isles | Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule |
| 6 | Pemphigoid | Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule |
| 6 | Nodular fasciitis | Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule |
| 7 | Epidermolysis bullosa | Maturation of the adrenal medulla--IV. Effects of morphine |
| 7 | Video games in India | Maturation of the adrenal medulla--IV. Effects of morphine |
| 7 | Myelin basic protein | Maturation of the adrenal medulla--IV. Effects of morphine |
| 7 | Firebeatz | Maturation of the adrenal medulla--IV. Effects of morphine |
| 7 | Run (Awolnation album) | Maturation of the adrenal medulla--IV. Effects of morphine |
| 8 | Firebeatz | Comparison between procaine and isocarboxazid metabolism in vitro by a liver microsomal amidase-esterase |
| 8 | Droplet-based microfluidics | Comparison between procaine and isocarboxazid metabolism in vitro by a liver microsomal amidase-esterase |
| 8 | Run (Awolnation album) | Comparison between procaine and isocarboxazid metabolism in vitro by a liver microsomal amidase-esterase |
| 9 | Hysteresis | Radiochemical assay of glutathione S-epoxide transferase and its enhancement by phenobarbital in rat liver in vivo |
| 9 | Joseph Sifakis | Radiochemical assay of glutathione S-epoxide transferase and its enhancement by phenobarbital in rat liver in vivo |
| 9 | Global mental health | Radiochemical assay of glutathione S-epoxide transferase and its enhancement by phenobarbital in rat liver in vivo |
| 9 | List of Disney television films | Radiochemical assay of glutathione S-epoxide transferase and its enhancement by phenobarbital in rat liver in vivo |
| 10 | Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase | Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes |
| 10 | Frameshift mutation | Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes |
| 10 | Alpha-fetoprotein | Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes |
| 10 | DEET | Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes |
| 10 | Frances Milton Trollope | Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes |
| 11 | Travelex | Identification of adenylate cyclase-coupled beta-adrenergic receptors with radiolabeled beta-adrenergic antagonists |
| 11 | Vivian Hunt | Identification of adenylate cyclase-coupled beta-adrenergic receptors with radiolabeled beta-adrenergic antagonists |
| 11 | Moscow International Medical Cluster | Identification of adenylate cyclase-coupled beta-adrenergic receptors with radiolabeled beta-adrenergic antagonists |
| 11 | Blastocystis hominis | Identification of adenylate cyclase-coupled beta-adrenergic receptors with radiolabeled beta-adrenergic antagonists |
| 12 | Ergotism | The effect of adrenaline and of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on ATP concentration and on incorporation of 32Pi into ATP in rat fat cells |
| 12 | Applied Physics Laboratory | The effect of adrenaline and of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on ATP concentration and on incorporation of 32Pi into ATP in rat fat cells |
| 12 | Kutlug Timur Minaret | The effect of adrenaline and of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on ATP concentration and on incorporation of 32Pi into ATP in rat fat cells |
| 12 | Octopus minor | The effect of adrenaline and of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on ATP concentration and on incorporation of 32Pi into ATP in rat fat cells |
| 12 | Vivian Hunt | The effect of adrenaline and of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on ATP concentration and on incorporation of 32Pi into ATP in rat fat cells |
| 13 | Conflict (process) | Action of propranolol on mitochondrial functions--effects on energized ion fluxes in the presence of valinomycin |
| 13 | Octopus minor | Action of propranolol on mitochondrial functions--effects on energized ion fluxes in the presence of valinomycin |
| 13 | Vivian Hunt | Action of propranolol on mitochondrial functions--effects on energized ion fluxes in the presence of valinomycin |
| 13 | Francis Osafo-Mensah | Action of propranolol on mitochondrial functions--effects on energized ion fluxes in the presence of valinomycin |
| 13 | Blastocystis hominis | Action of propranolol on mitochondrial functions--effects on energized ion fluxes in the presence of valinomycin |
| 14 | Fertility preservation | Malathion A and B esterases of mouse liver-I |
| 14 | Atriplex semibaccata | Malathion A and B esterases of mouse liver-I |
| 14 | Vivian Hunt | Malathion A and B esterases of mouse liver-I |
| 14 | Ayọ Tometi | Malathion A and B esterases of mouse liver-I |
| 15 | Vivian Hunt | Increase in acetyl CoA synthetase activity after phenobarbital treatment |
| 16 | Fluorescence in situ hybridization | Inhibition of aldehyde reductase by acidic metabolites of the biogenic amines |
| 16 | Jordan O'Doherty | Inhibition of aldehyde reductase by acidic metabolites of the biogenic amines |
| 16 | Vivian Hunt | Inhibition of aldehyde reductase by acidic metabolites of the biogenic amines |
| 16 | Saara DeWalt | Inhibition of aldehyde reductase by acidic metabolites of the biogenic amines |
| 17 | Income inequality metrics | Effects of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine on tyrosine-hydroxylase activity in central catecholaminergic neurons of the rat |
| 17 | Vivian Hunt | Effects of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine on tyrosine-hydroxylase activity in central catecholaminergic neurons of the rat |
| 17 | TMEM155 | Effects of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine on tyrosine-hydroxylase activity in central catecholaminergic neurons of the rat |
| 18 | Fluorescence in situ hybridization | Inhibition of aldehyde reductase isoenzymes in human and rat brain |
| 18 | Income inequality metrics | Inhibition of aldehyde reductase isoenzymes in human and rat brain |
| 19 | Terry Spahr | Antidepressant drugs affect dopamine uptake |
| 19 | Saara DeWalt | Antidepressant drugs affect dopamine uptake |
| 20 | Mahishadal Girls' College | Aggregation of blood platelets by adrenaline and its uptake |
| 20 | Nutri-Score | Aggregation of blood platelets by adrenaline and its uptake |
| 20 | Mike Schrunk | Aggregation of blood platelets by adrenaline and its uptake |
| 21 | Nutri-Score | [Biochemical studies on camomile components/III. In vitro studies about the antipeptic activity of (--)-alpha-bisabolol (author's transl)] |
| 21 | Vivian Hunt | [Biochemical studies on camomile components/III. In vitro studies about the antipeptic activity of (--)-alpha-bisabolol (author's transl)] |
| 22 | Nutri-Score | [Demonstration of tumor inhibiting properties of a strongly immunostimulating low-molecular weight substance. Comparative studies with ifosfamide on the immuno-labile DS carcinosarcoma. Stimulation of the autoimmune activity for approx. 20 days by BA 1, a N-(2-cyanoethylene)-urea. Novel prophylactic possibilities] |
| 22 | Saara DeWalt | [Demonstration of tumor inhibiting properties of a strongly immunostimulating low-molecular weight substance. Comparative studies with ifosfamide on the immuno-labile DS carcinosarcoma. Stimulation of the autoimmune activity for approx. 20 days by BA 1, a N-(2-cyanoethylene)-urea. Novel prophylactic possibilities] |
| 23 | Timeline of the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency | Effect of etafenone on total and regional myocardial blood flow |
| 23 | Chitosan nanoparticles | Effect of etafenone on total and regional myocardial blood flow |
| 24 | Davit Poghosyan | Influence of a new virostatic compound on the induction of enzymes in rat liver |
| 25 | Wolf Kahlen | Pharmacological properties of new neuroleptic compounds |
| 26 | 1941 in Sweden | [Studies on the action of an anticholinergic agent in combination with a tranquilizer on gastric juice secretion in man] |
| 26 | Rösli Streiff | [Studies on the action of an anticholinergic agent in combination with a tranquilizer on gastric juice secretion in man] |
| 26 | Vivian Hunt | [Studies on the action of an anticholinergic agent in combination with a tranquilizer on gastric juice secretion in man] |
| 26 | Chitosan nanoparticles | [Studies on the action of an anticholinergic agent in combination with a tranquilizer on gastric juice secretion in man] |
| 28 | Saara DeWalt | Letter: Duration of action of AH8165 |
| 29 | Arctic char | Lorazepam in sexual disorders |
| 29 | Saara DeWalt | Lorazepam in sexual disorders |
| 30 | Avant-garde metal | Lysosomal hydrolases of the epidermis. I. Glycosidases |
| 30 | Karen Faulds | Lysosomal hydrolases of the epidermis. I. Glycosidases |
| 32 | Saara DeWalt | A serum haemagglutinating property dependent upon polycarboxyl groups |
| 33 | Arctic char | Effect of human erythrocyte stromata on complement activation |
| 35 | Vivian Hunt | The effect of o-salicylate upon pentose phosphate pathway activity in normal and G6PD-deficient red cells |
| 35 | Saara DeWalt | The effect of o-salicylate upon pentose phosphate pathway activity in normal and G6PD-deficient red cells |
| 36 | Juncus continuus | The effects of processing of barley-based supplements on rumen pH, rate of digestion of voluntary intake of dried grass in sheep |
| 37 | Renewable energy in Canada | Poly(8-aminoguanylic acid): formation of ordered self-structures and interaction with poly(cytidylic acid) |
| 37 | Earth Optimism | Poly(8-aminoguanylic acid): formation of ordered self-structures and interaction with poly(cytidylic acid) |
| 38 | Vivian Hunt | Effect of pH on substrate and inhibitor kinetic constants of human liver alanine aminopeptidase. Evidence for two ionizable active center groups |
| 38 | Joseph Gone | Effect of pH on substrate and inhibitor kinetic constants of human liver alanine aminopeptidase. Evidence for two ionizable active center groups |
| 38 | Juncus continuus | Effect of pH on substrate and inhibitor kinetic constants of human liver alanine aminopeptidase. Evidence for two ionizable active center groups |
| 39 | Renewable energy in Canada | Formation of transient complexes in the glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzed reaction |
| 39 | Lanthanum decahydride | Formation of transient complexes in the glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzed reaction |
| 39 | Vivian Hunt | Formation of transient complexes in the glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzed reaction |
| 40 | Vivian Hunt | Human brain and placental choline acetyltransferase: purification and properties |
| 41 | Vivian Hunt | Stabilization of the globular structure of ferricytochrome c by chloride in acidic solvents |
| 42 | Bacardi | A competitive labeling method for the determination of the chemical properties of solitary functional groups in proteins |
| 42 | Vivian Hunt | A competitive labeling method for the determination of the chemical properties of solitary functional groups in proteins |
| 42 | Saara DeWalt | A competitive labeling method for the determination of the chemical properties of solitary functional groups in proteins |
| 43 | Vivian Hunt | Modification of arginine and lysine in proteins with 2,4-pentanedione |
| 43 | Saara DeWalt | Modification of arginine and lysine in proteins with 2,4-pentanedione |
| 44 | Bacardi | The origin of the alkaline inactivation of pepsinogen |
| 44 | Richard Serra | The origin of the alkaline inactivation of pepsinogen |
| 45 | Bacardi | Bovine liver dihydrofolate reductase: purification and properties of the enzyme |
| 45 | Sugauli, Bihar | Bovine liver dihydrofolate reductase: purification and properties of the enzyme |
| 46 | Bacardi | Purification and properties of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase |
| 47 | Air pollution in Delhi | The influence of pH on the interaction of inhibitors with triosephosphate isomerase and determination of the pKa of the active-site carboxyl group |
| 49 | Bacardi | The interaction of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase with hydrogen peroxide: inactivation of the enzyme |
| 49 | Vivian Hunt | The interaction of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase with hydrogen peroxide: inactivation of the enzyme |
| 49 | Sea ice microbial communities | The interaction of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase with hydrogen peroxide: inactivation of the enzyme |
| 50 | Saara DeWalt | Circular dichroism and fluorescence studies of homogeneous antibodies to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide |
| 52 | Income inequality metrics | Evidence of the involvement of a 50S ribosomal protein in several active sites |
| 52 | Saara DeWalt | Evidence of the involvement of a 50S ribosomal protein in several active sites |
| 58 | Vivian Hunt | Constitution and properties of axonal membranes of crustacean nerves |
| 58 | Saara DeWalt | Constitution and properties of axonal membranes of crustacean nerves |
| 60 | Youth smoking | The reaction between the superoxide anion radical and cytochrome c |
| 61 | Dell Latitude | Identification of the 120 mus phase in the decay of delayed fluorescence in spinach chloroplasts and subchloroplast particles as the intrinsic back reaction. The dependence of the level of this phase on the thylakoids internal pH |
| 62 | Marine mammal park | Light-induced changes of absorbance and electron spin resonance in small photosystem II particles |
| 68 | List of most-produced firearms | Behavior of soluble and immobilized acid phosphatase in hydro-organic media |
| 70 | Oral microbiology | Specificity studies on alpha-mannosidases using oligosaccharides from mannosidosis urine as substrates |
| 72 | Concussions in sport | Preparation and characterization of an enzymatically active immobilized derivative of myosin |
| 75 | Hojai | Characteristics of the dephosphorylated form of phosphorylase purified from rat liver and measurement of its activity in crude liver preparations |
| 76 | Autographivirales | Multiple forms of casein kinase from rabbit erythrocytes |
| 77 | Monster Energy | Kinetic studies and effects of anions on creatine phosphokinase from skeletal muscle of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) |
| 88 | Amanda M. Fanniff | The oxygen affinity of haemoglobin Tak, a variant with an elongated beta chain |
| 94 | Huron, Tennessee | [Relation between fluorescence and circular dichroism of the complex of the fluorescence probe 4-dimethylaminochalcone with serum albumin] |
| 99 | Coming of age | Mannosidosis: clinical and biochemical findings |
| 99 | European Investment Bank | Mannosidosis: clinical and biochemical findings |
| 100 | Melitta | Bovine mannosidosis--a model lysosomal storage disease |
| 103 | Powellophis | [Combined effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on the functional state of the respiratory center] |
| 104 | Human rights in Guatemala | [Level of nicotinamide coenzymes in the liver and myocardium of rats poisoned with dichlorethane] |
| 104 | Diboryne | [Level of nicotinamide coenzymes in the liver and myocardium of rats poisoned with dichlorethane] |
| 106 | List of equipment of the Austrian Armed Forces | [Level of nicotinamide coenzymes in the myocardium of rats during the effects of methylxanthines (theophylline, theobromine, caffeine) and catecholamines] |
| 117 | Indore | Proceedings: Is ATP an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the rat stomach |
| 123 | Bureau of Internal Revenue | The importance of an innervated and intact antrum and pylorus in preventing postoperative duodenogastric reflux and gastritis |
| 129 | Sex and drugs | The involvement of lysophosphoglycerides in neurotransmitter release; the composition and turnover of phospholipids of synaptic vesicles of guinea-pig cerebral cortex and Torpedo electric organ and the effect of stimulation |
| 155 | Eudoro Galarza Ossa | Interaction of the chemoreflex and the pulmonary inflation reflex in the regulation of coronary circulation in conscious dogs |
| 173 | Amazon Alexa | Secretion of sulfuric acid in Cassidaria echinophora Lamarck (Mollusca: Mesogastropoda, marine carnivorous snail) |
| 174 | Gasotransmitter | Studies on the lipid content of pigeon breast muscle |
| 184 | List of sequenced plastomes | Insect morphogenetic hormones and developmental mechanisms in the nematode, Nematospiroides dubius |
| 190 | Shimeji | The pronephroi as the site of presumptive interrenal cells in the hagfish Myxine glutinosa L |
| 230 | Pink Caravan | Liver microsomal beta-glucuronidase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase |
| 260 | Human rights in Guatemala | Acute bacterial myositis following septic abortion. An unusual complication |
| 373 | History of Tokyo | A nucleoside triphosphate-dependent deoxyribonuclease from Bacillus laterosporus. Purification and characterization of the enzyme |
| 400 | List of tallest buildings in Chicago | Trypsin-sensitive photosynthetic activities in chloroplast membranes from Chlamydomonas reinhardi, y-1 |
| 400 | Year of Return, Ghana 2019 | Trypsin-sensitive photosynthetic activities in chloroplast membranes from Chlamydomonas reinhardi, y-1 |
| 662 | América Móvil | The treatment of intractable pain |
| 875 | United Nations Human Rights Council | [Isolation of the individual structural elements of bacteria of the genus Bordetella and a study of their properties. I. The formation of mureinoplasts and true protoplasts from B. pertussis] |
| 941 | Laura E. Little | Ascorbic acid and biological systems. Ascorbic acid and electron transport |
| 960 | Walls of Thessaloniki | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases from Euglena gracilis. Purification and physical and chemical characterization |
Discuss this story
This article needs to clarify whether the problem observed is an effect of AI (slop added to our article because the AI model learned nonsense from somewhere else) or whether AI is spreading a WP mistake (just as any search-engine would, but only more-so because AI is so credulous of what it ingests). Or maybe citogenesis of unknown root origin? I assumed it was the first meaning, given the general WP distrust of LLM and the note to AI-Cleanup folks suggesting the uncovering of a newly-identified pile of slop that had been lurking. But PMID 9 was added to List of Disney television films in 2020.[1] DMacks (talk) 04:55, 10 March 2026 (UTC)[reply]