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Op-ed

Why is "Trypsin-sensitive photosynthetic activities in chloroplast membranes" cited in "List of tallest buildings in Chicago"?

Did you know that a 1975 paper about lorazepam and sexual disorders is cited in the Wikipedia article about a fish?

ChatGPT thinks that proper Wikipedia articles contain PMID links (PubMed identifiers). LLMs learned what encyclopedia articles look like but not what the words mean or why they are formatted the way they are. The problem is that "looks like a good Wikipedia article" and "is a good Wikipedia article" are not the same thing.

To illustrate the problem:

PMID 1 equates to https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1/ and you can keep incrementing that number. I scraped the titles of PMIDs 1–1000, had some code search Wikipedia for articles containing those titles, and then asked Claude to filter out any articles where the PMID could somewhat plausibly be relevant. This is not a sophisticated approach. It is embarrassingly simple. And it found hundreds of articles.

Which means I have found the tip of a rather large iceberg.

I would like to offer my apologies to the entire WikiProject AI Cleanup team.

This should also serve as a wake-up call. "Agentic AI" will only make the situation worse.

WMF, we need better bot detection now and a MassUndo tool that handles edit conflicts.

PMID Wikipedia article Paper
1 League of Nations Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning
1 Great Leap Forward Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning
1 Biometrics Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning
1 Hysteresis Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning
2 Pakistan State Oil Delineation of the intimate details of the backbone conformation of pyridine nucleotide coenzymes in aqueous solution
2 Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Delineation of the intimate details of the backbone conformation of pyridine nucleotide coenzymes in aqueous solution
2 Savannah McCaskill Delineation of the intimate details of the backbone conformation of pyridine nucleotide coenzymes in aqueous solution
2 2.5D (machining) Delineation of the intimate details of the backbone conformation of pyridine nucleotide coenzymes in aqueous solution
3 List of conspiracy theories Metal substitutions incarbonic anhydrase: a halide ion probe study
3 Hysteresis Metal substitutions incarbonic anhydrase: a halide ion probe study
3 Peyronie's disease Metal substitutions incarbonic anhydrase: a halide ion probe study
3 Scarus dubius Metal substitutions incarbonic anhydrase: a halide ion probe study
4 Pakistan State Oil Effect of chloroquine on cultured fibroblasts: release of lysosomal hydrolases and inhibition of their uptake
4 Ecotropism Effect of chloroquine on cultured fibroblasts: release of lysosomal hydrolases and inhibition of their uptake
4 Zafar Mirza Effect of chloroquine on cultured fibroblasts: release of lysosomal hydrolases and inhibition of their uptake
4 Centric Software Effect of chloroquine on cultured fibroblasts: release of lysosomal hydrolases and inhibition of their uptake
5 Dexmethylphenidate Atomic models for the polypeptide backbones of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin
5 Helicase Atomic models for the polypeptide backbones of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin
5 Procalcitonin Atomic models for the polypeptide backbones of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin
5 Rhodamine Atomic models for the polypeptide backbones of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin
5 Scarus dubius Atomic models for the polypeptide backbones of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin
6 Hysteresis Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule
6 Hoarse voice Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule
6 Timeline of LGBTQ history in the British Isles Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule
6 Pemphigoid Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule
6 Nodular fasciitis Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule
7 Epidermolysis bullosa Maturation of the adrenal medulla--IV. Effects of morphine
7 Video games in India Maturation of the adrenal medulla--IV. Effects of morphine
7 Myelin basic protein Maturation of the adrenal medulla--IV. Effects of morphine
7 Firebeatz Maturation of the adrenal medulla--IV. Effects of morphine
7 Run (Awolnation album) Maturation of the adrenal medulla--IV. Effects of morphine
8 Firebeatz Comparison between procaine and isocarboxazid metabolism in vitro by a liver microsomal amidase-esterase
8 Droplet-based microfluidics Comparison between procaine and isocarboxazid metabolism in vitro by a liver microsomal amidase-esterase
8 Run (Awolnation album) Comparison between procaine and isocarboxazid metabolism in vitro by a liver microsomal amidase-esterase
9 Hysteresis Radiochemical assay of glutathione S-epoxide transferase and its enhancement by phenobarbital in rat liver in vivo
9 Joseph Sifakis Radiochemical assay of glutathione S-epoxide transferase and its enhancement by phenobarbital in rat liver in vivo
9 Global mental health Radiochemical assay of glutathione S-epoxide transferase and its enhancement by phenobarbital in rat liver in vivo
9 List of Disney television films Radiochemical assay of glutathione S-epoxide transferase and its enhancement by phenobarbital in rat liver in vivo
10 Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes
10 Frameshift mutation Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes
10 Alpha-fetoprotein Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes
10 DEET Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes
10 Frances Milton Trollope Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes
11 Travelex Identification of adenylate cyclase-coupled beta-adrenergic receptors with radiolabeled beta-adrenergic antagonists
11 Vivian Hunt Identification of adenylate cyclase-coupled beta-adrenergic receptors with radiolabeled beta-adrenergic antagonists
11 Moscow International Medical Cluster Identification of adenylate cyclase-coupled beta-adrenergic receptors with radiolabeled beta-adrenergic antagonists
11 Blastocystis hominis Identification of adenylate cyclase-coupled beta-adrenergic receptors with radiolabeled beta-adrenergic antagonists
12 Ergotism The effect of adrenaline and of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on ATP concentration and on incorporation of 32Pi into ATP in rat fat cells
12 Applied Physics Laboratory The effect of adrenaline and of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on ATP concentration and on incorporation of 32Pi into ATP in rat fat cells
12 Kutlug Timur Minaret The effect of adrenaline and of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on ATP concentration and on incorporation of 32Pi into ATP in rat fat cells
12 Octopus minor The effect of adrenaline and of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on ATP concentration and on incorporation of 32Pi into ATP in rat fat cells
12 Vivian Hunt The effect of adrenaline and of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on ATP concentration and on incorporation of 32Pi into ATP in rat fat cells
13 Conflict (process) Action of propranolol on mitochondrial functions--effects on energized ion fluxes in the presence of valinomycin
13 Octopus minor Action of propranolol on mitochondrial functions--effects on energized ion fluxes in the presence of valinomycin
13 Vivian Hunt Action of propranolol on mitochondrial functions--effects on energized ion fluxes in the presence of valinomycin
13 Francis Osafo-Mensah Action of propranolol on mitochondrial functions--effects on energized ion fluxes in the presence of valinomycin
13 Blastocystis hominis Action of propranolol on mitochondrial functions--effects on energized ion fluxes in the presence of valinomycin
14 Fertility preservation Malathion A and B esterases of mouse liver-I
14 Atriplex semibaccata Malathion A and B esterases of mouse liver-I
14 Vivian Hunt Malathion A and B esterases of mouse liver-I
14 Ayọ Tometi Malathion A and B esterases of mouse liver-I
15 Vivian Hunt Increase in acetyl CoA synthetase activity after phenobarbital treatment
16 Fluorescence in situ hybridization Inhibition of aldehyde reductase by acidic metabolites of the biogenic amines
16 Jordan O'Doherty Inhibition of aldehyde reductase by acidic metabolites of the biogenic amines
16 Vivian Hunt Inhibition of aldehyde reductase by acidic metabolites of the biogenic amines
16 Saara DeWalt Inhibition of aldehyde reductase by acidic metabolites of the biogenic amines
17 Income inequality metrics Effects of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine on tyrosine-hydroxylase activity in central catecholaminergic neurons of the rat
17 Vivian Hunt Effects of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine on tyrosine-hydroxylase activity in central catecholaminergic neurons of the rat
17 TMEM155 Effects of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine on tyrosine-hydroxylase activity in central catecholaminergic neurons of the rat
18 Fluorescence in situ hybridization Inhibition of aldehyde reductase isoenzymes in human and rat brain
18 Income inequality metrics Inhibition of aldehyde reductase isoenzymes in human and rat brain
19 Terry Spahr Antidepressant drugs affect dopamine uptake
19 Saara DeWalt Antidepressant drugs affect dopamine uptake
20 Mahishadal Girls' College Aggregation of blood platelets by adrenaline and its uptake
20 Nutri-Score Aggregation of blood platelets by adrenaline and its uptake
20 Mike Schrunk Aggregation of blood platelets by adrenaline and its uptake
21 Nutri-Score [Biochemical studies on camomile components/III. In vitro studies about the antipeptic activity of (--)-alpha-bisabolol (author's transl)]
21 Vivian Hunt [Biochemical studies on camomile components/III. In vitro studies about the antipeptic activity of (--)-alpha-bisabolol (author's transl)]
22 Nutri-Score [Demonstration of tumor inhibiting properties of a strongly immunostimulating low-molecular weight substance. Comparative studies with ifosfamide on the immuno-labile DS carcinosarcoma. Stimulation of the autoimmune activity for approx. 20 days by BA 1, a N-(2-cyanoethylene)-urea. Novel prophylactic possibilities]
22 Saara DeWalt [Demonstration of tumor inhibiting properties of a strongly immunostimulating low-molecular weight substance. Comparative studies with ifosfamide on the immuno-labile DS carcinosarcoma. Stimulation of the autoimmune activity for approx. 20 days by BA 1, a N-(2-cyanoethylene)-urea. Novel prophylactic possibilities]
23 Timeline of the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Effect of etafenone on total and regional myocardial blood flow
23 Chitosan nanoparticles Effect of etafenone on total and regional myocardial blood flow
24 Davit Poghosyan Influence of a new virostatic compound on the induction of enzymes in rat liver
25 Wolf Kahlen Pharmacological properties of new neuroleptic compounds
26 1941 in Sweden [Studies on the action of an anticholinergic agent in combination with a tranquilizer on gastric juice secretion in man]
26 Rösli Streiff [Studies on the action of an anticholinergic agent in combination with a tranquilizer on gastric juice secretion in man]
26 Vivian Hunt [Studies on the action of an anticholinergic agent in combination with a tranquilizer on gastric juice secretion in man]
26 Chitosan nanoparticles [Studies on the action of an anticholinergic agent in combination with a tranquilizer on gastric juice secretion in man]
28 Saara DeWalt Letter: Duration of action of AH8165
29 Arctic char Lorazepam in sexual disorders
29 Saara DeWalt Lorazepam in sexual disorders
30 Avant-garde metal Lysosomal hydrolases of the epidermis. I. Glycosidases
30 Karen Faulds Lysosomal hydrolases of the epidermis. I. Glycosidases
32 Saara DeWalt A serum haemagglutinating property dependent upon polycarboxyl groups
33 Arctic char Effect of human erythrocyte stromata on complement activation
35 Vivian Hunt The effect of o-salicylate upon pentose phosphate pathway activity in normal and G6PD-deficient red cells
35 Saara DeWalt The effect of o-salicylate upon pentose phosphate pathway activity in normal and G6PD-deficient red cells
36 Juncus continuus The effects of processing of barley-based supplements on rumen pH, rate of digestion of voluntary intake of dried grass in sheep
37 Renewable energy in Canada Poly(8-aminoguanylic acid): formation of ordered self-structures and interaction with poly(cytidylic acid)
37 Earth Optimism Poly(8-aminoguanylic acid): formation of ordered self-structures and interaction with poly(cytidylic acid)
38 Vivian Hunt Effect of pH on substrate and inhibitor kinetic constants of human liver alanine aminopeptidase. Evidence for two ionizable active center groups
38 Joseph Gone Effect of pH on substrate and inhibitor kinetic constants of human liver alanine aminopeptidase. Evidence for two ionizable active center groups
38 Juncus continuus Effect of pH on substrate and inhibitor kinetic constants of human liver alanine aminopeptidase. Evidence for two ionizable active center groups
39 Renewable energy in Canada Formation of transient complexes in the glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzed reaction
39 Lanthanum decahydride Formation of transient complexes in the glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzed reaction
39 Vivian Hunt Formation of transient complexes in the glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzed reaction
40 Vivian Hunt Human brain and placental choline acetyltransferase: purification and properties
41 Vivian Hunt Stabilization of the globular structure of ferricytochrome c by chloride in acidic solvents
42 Bacardi A competitive labeling method for the determination of the chemical properties of solitary functional groups in proteins
42 Vivian Hunt A competitive labeling method for the determination of the chemical properties of solitary functional groups in proteins
42 Saara DeWalt A competitive labeling method for the determination of the chemical properties of solitary functional groups in proteins
43 Vivian Hunt Modification of arginine and lysine in proteins with 2,4-pentanedione
43 Saara DeWalt Modification of arginine and lysine in proteins with 2,4-pentanedione
44 Bacardi The origin of the alkaline inactivation of pepsinogen
44 Richard Serra The origin of the alkaline inactivation of pepsinogen
45 Bacardi Bovine liver dihydrofolate reductase: purification and properties of the enzyme
45 Sugauli, Bihar Bovine liver dihydrofolate reductase: purification and properties of the enzyme
46 Bacardi Purification and properties of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase
47 Air pollution in Delhi The influence of pH on the interaction of inhibitors with triosephosphate isomerase and determination of the pKa of the active-site carboxyl group
49 Bacardi The interaction of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase with hydrogen peroxide: inactivation of the enzyme
49 Vivian Hunt The interaction of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase with hydrogen peroxide: inactivation of the enzyme
49 Sea ice microbial communities The interaction of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase with hydrogen peroxide: inactivation of the enzyme
50 Saara DeWalt Circular dichroism and fluorescence studies of homogeneous antibodies to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide
52 Income inequality metrics Evidence of the involvement of a 50S ribosomal protein in several active sites
52 Saara DeWalt Evidence of the involvement of a 50S ribosomal protein in several active sites
58 Vivian Hunt Constitution and properties of axonal membranes of crustacean nerves
58 Saara DeWalt Constitution and properties of axonal membranes of crustacean nerves
60 Youth smoking The reaction between the superoxide anion radical and cytochrome c
61 Dell Latitude Identification of the 120 mus phase in the decay of delayed fluorescence in spinach chloroplasts and subchloroplast particles as the intrinsic back reaction. The dependence of the level of this phase on the thylakoids internal pH
62 Marine mammal park Light-induced changes of absorbance and electron spin resonance in small photosystem II particles
68 List of most-produced firearms Behavior of soluble and immobilized acid phosphatase in hydro-organic media
70 Oral microbiology Specificity studies on alpha-mannosidases using oligosaccharides from mannosidosis urine as substrates
72 Concussions in sport Preparation and characterization of an enzymatically active immobilized derivative of myosin
75 Hojai Characteristics of the dephosphorylated form of phosphorylase purified from rat liver and measurement of its activity in crude liver preparations
76 Autographivirales Multiple forms of casein kinase from rabbit erythrocytes
77 Monster Energy Kinetic studies and effects of anions on creatine phosphokinase from skeletal muscle of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
88 Amanda M. Fanniff The oxygen affinity of haemoglobin Tak, a variant with an elongated beta chain
94 Huron, Tennessee [Relation between fluorescence and circular dichroism of the complex of the fluorescence probe 4-dimethylaminochalcone with serum albumin]
99 Coming of age Mannosidosis: clinical and biochemical findings
99 European Investment Bank Mannosidosis: clinical and biochemical findings
100 Melitta Bovine mannosidosis--a model lysosomal storage disease
103 Powellophis [Combined effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on the functional state of the respiratory center]
104 Human rights in Guatemala [Level of nicotinamide coenzymes in the liver and myocardium of rats poisoned with dichlorethane]
104 Diboryne [Level of nicotinamide coenzymes in the liver and myocardium of rats poisoned with dichlorethane]
106 List of equipment of the Austrian Armed Forces [Level of nicotinamide coenzymes in the myocardium of rats during the effects of methylxanthines (theophylline, theobromine, caffeine) and catecholamines]
117 Indore Proceedings: Is ATP an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the rat stomach
123 Bureau of Internal Revenue The importance of an innervated and intact antrum and pylorus in preventing postoperative duodenogastric reflux and gastritis
129 Sex and drugs The involvement of lysophosphoglycerides in neurotransmitter release; the composition and turnover of phospholipids of synaptic vesicles of guinea-pig cerebral cortex and Torpedo electric organ and the effect of stimulation
155 Eudoro Galarza Ossa Interaction of the chemoreflex and the pulmonary inflation reflex in the regulation of coronary circulation in conscious dogs
173 Amazon Alexa Secretion of sulfuric acid in Cassidaria echinophora Lamarck (Mollusca: Mesogastropoda, marine carnivorous snail)
174 Gasotransmitter Studies on the lipid content of pigeon breast muscle
184 List of sequenced plastomes Insect morphogenetic hormones and developmental mechanisms in the nematode, Nematospiroides dubius
190 Shimeji The pronephroi as the site of presumptive interrenal cells in the hagfish Myxine glutinosa L
230 Pink Caravan Liver microsomal beta-glucuronidase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase
260 Human rights in Guatemala Acute bacterial myositis following septic abortion. An unusual complication
373 History of Tokyo A nucleoside triphosphate-dependent deoxyribonuclease from Bacillus laterosporus. Purification and characterization of the enzyme
400 List of tallest buildings in Chicago Trypsin-sensitive photosynthetic activities in chloroplast membranes from Chlamydomonas reinhardi, y-1
400 Year of Return, Ghana 2019 Trypsin-sensitive photosynthetic activities in chloroplast membranes from Chlamydomonas reinhardi, y-1
662 América Móvil The treatment of intractable pain
875 United Nations Human Rights Council [Isolation of the individual structural elements of bacteria of the genus Bordetella and a study of their properties. I. The formation of mureinoplasts and true protoplasts from B. pertussis]
941 Laura E. Little Ascorbic acid and biological systems. Ascorbic acid and electron transport
960 Walls of Thessaloniki Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases from Euglena gracilis. Purification and physical and chemical characterization
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This article needs to clarify whether the problem observed is an effect of AI (slop added to our article because the AI model learned nonsense from somewhere else) or whether AI is spreading a WP mistake (just as any search-engine would, but only more-so because AI is so credulous of what it ingests). Or maybe citogenesis of unknown root origin? I assumed it was the first meaning, given the general WP distrust of LLM and the note to AI-Cleanup folks suggesting the uncovering of a newly-identified pile of slop that had been lurking. But PMID 9 was added to List of Disney television films in 2020.[1] DMacks (talk) 04:55, 10 March 2026 (UTC)[reply]

(edit conflict) Came here to say the same thing.
This article is an example why we need better quality control for Signpost submissions.

ChatGPT thinks that proper Wikipedia articles contain PMID links (PubMed identifiers).

- what's the evidence for this assertion, and in particular for the assumption that all the bogus citations listed in the table were due to use of ChatGPT?
I spot-checked Polygnotus' example for PMID 47, i.e. the paper "The influence of pH on the interaction of inhibitors with triosephosphate isomerase and determination of the pKa of the active-site carboxyl group" being cited in Air pollution in Delhi. That bogus citation was added in 2019, i.e. years before ChatGPT's launch, which casts serious doubts on the entire premise of this Signpost article. Considering the title previously chosen by the author [2], it's hard to escape the impression that these conclusions were more motivated by a diffuse anti-AI animus than by a careful analysis of the facts.
Regards, HaeB (talk) 05:10, 10 March 2026 (UTC)[reply]
I offer a compromise solution. Block anyone who adds nonsense sources and can't explain themselves. Also block anyone who is inserting LLM content. Thebiguglyalien (talk) 05:13, 10 March 2026 (UTC)[reply]
Yep. This article, and the data, are valuable to me because it confirms my long-held suspicion that not every article deleted under WP:G15 for having completely nonsense sources was LLM generated - but does it matter? Source fraud is an issue, and one which we aren't too good at combatting. I'll take an imperfect solution that works. GreenLipstickLesbian💌🧸 06:30, 10 March 2026 (UTC)[reply]
Yup. Crap is crap, and crap must be treated as such regardless of what information-flow and work-flow led to that result. The fact that our material is recognizeable as it flows out to other platforms is a good indication of how reliable and valuable those other platforms consider our content. DMacks (talk) 07:09, 10 March 2026 (UTC)[reply]
@Thebiguglyalien: I agree, and moreover, we should block anyone who is inserting ONN content. ONNs constantly make mistakes, and there's never been any proof that they're capable of genuine understanding. jp×g🗯️ 08:14, 10 March 2026 (UTC)[reply]

















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